Latin Can't Read Word Outside Context Law Phrase
Origins and Meanings of Foreign Words (English language I Reading)
Resources ID: E1RdM1L3
Course Range: 9
Introduction
English: [A linguistic communication that] has pursued other languages down alleyways to beat them unconscious and rifle their pockets for new vocabulary –James Nicoll
Words, words, everywhere, and nearly of them are foreign. Wait . . . what was that? That's right; virtually of the words we use in English came from other languages. Expect at the humorous quotation in the box above that shows how English language borrows words from other languages, and we're not finished yet because the English language language is various and always changing. New words are introduced through applied science, slang, politics, and civilization. Every year, in fact, we use new words and slowly leave older words behind. Information technology'southward the blending of the old and new that'southward fascinating almost the English language.
In this lesson, you will larn the meanings and origins of 20 foreign words and phrases. It may seem like an overwhelming number of words, but some may already be familiar; y'all just didn't realize their origins. Other words may be new to you lot, and that's OK. Yous tin can impress your friends and family past using them.
The words and phrases in this lesson are grouped by their origins:
- Latin
- French
- German language, Greek, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Sanskrit, and Yiddish
Think near what yous already know about foreign words and phrases. You lot probably know some words similar prima donna, nemesis, or karate.These words originated in another land but were embedded into English. When you come beyond a foreign give-and-take while doing reading for your classes, there are usually clues such equally emphasis marks, italics, or even asterisks to tell y'all to look at the bottom of the page for a definition. Most writers volition besides provide hints about the meaning of foreign terms through context clues. If y'all're nonetheless stumped about the meaning of a word subsequently studying the context surrounding it, you tin look in a dictionary to acquire more than.
Recognizing Strange Words and Phrases
This information will assistance yous to identify foreign words. A discussion or phrase may be from another language if
- information technology is spelled with
- an accent mark (dé); or
- uncommon English language letter sequences (ka-, ko-, ku-, kh-, kl-),(-tz-),(-zz-),(-sch-),
(-ieux-), etc.; or
- the messages or sound sequences of words are pronounced differently, equally in
- the French expression déjá vu, literally "already seen"; or
- the Spanish mañana "tomorrow"; or
- the Russian kolkhoz "cooperative subcontract."
Follow this link to acquire more near clues to foreign words and phrases.
In this lesson, each foreign word will be introduced with text, an prototype, and an audio pronunciation example so that you can empathise the many aspects of the word. The audio pronunciations use Merriam-Webster's phonetic pronunciation guide. Endeavor saying the give-and-take two to three times using the audio to guide you. Sound out each word or phrase. It'due south OK if yous can't pronounce a word right the start time; subsequently all, the give-and-take is from a unlike linguistic communication. You should as well compare the pronunciation from the audio to the discussion'south printed pronunciation central to learn exactly how to say a discussion and to make connections between unfamiliar give-and-take constructions and sounds. Each word's printed fundamental breaks it into syllables and shows you where to place emphasis when you speak.
For each give-and-take or phrase in this lesson, you will see
- a note showing the give-and-take's language origin;
- the literal meaning of the word in its original linguistic communication;
- what the give-and-take has come to mean, since the literal significant may only provide a inkling to the pregnant in English;
- a brief discussion of how the discussion is used; and
- an example sentence that demonstrates the word'due south usage in context.
Take a moment to read and study the instance word, á la carte, below.
á la menu - noun
Language: French ("according to the menu")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: \,ä-lə-'kärt, ,a-lə-\
How it'south used: Describes nutrient ordered one item at a fourth dimension; for case, the "biggie breakfast special" might come with ii eggs, bacon, hash browns, and orange juice for $6. If you weren't very hungry, y'all might order simply the eggs á la carte for $3.
Example: I don't want the philharmonic dinner, just how much is a taco á la carte?
Let's test what you accept read and so far. Using your notes, write your responses to the two questions beneath. When you are finished, check your agreement to see a sample response.
- When you lot are reading, what are the visual clues that might suggest a word is foreign?
- What is another style to tell if a word originates from another language?
Knowing how to identify, pronounce, and define strange words and phrases will help you in many classes, including history, economics, and English. Many French words, for example, are used when you report writing and motion picture. It's important not to skip over foreign words while reading. Take the time to notice out their origins and meanings.
Earlier yous move on to the next section, consider the following:
- What foreign words and phrases practice I already know?
- How will I know when I come across a foreign word?
- Where can I look to find the definition of a foreign discussion or phrase?
- How tin can I employ this information in my other classes or in existent life?
Images used in this section
Source: "La torre delle bandiere due east il Dioscuro" (Turin Olympic flags), Davide Galimberti, Flickr Source: a la carte, ??
It's All Latin to Me
Latin is the base of the English language linguistic communication. Many of the words used in religion, grammer, and courts of law are in Latin. Read the information that follows to learn more well-nigh Latin'due south influence on the English language:
- Latin has been the most important source for English vocabulary.
- As much as 17% of our active discussion stock is Latin.
- The start words loaned from Latin to English occurred during contact between the Romans and the Germanic tribes and through the adoption of Christianity and the translation of religious and literary texts from Latin into Old English.
- During the Renaissance, Latin was an active 2nd linguistic communication for many educated people.
- Even in modern times, Latin has remained one of the virtually common sources of English borrowing.
- English language has traditionally borrowed Latin words and phrases from specific contexts such as law, religion, and science. As that exposure to Latin diminishes, so does the rate of borrowing.
Now that y'all know how Latin was introduced into the English language, information technology's time for you to learn some words and phrases. Draw on any prior noesis you may take from reading, movies, music, or simply life in full general, as you read each Latin word or phrase. Click the pronunciation links to hear each word and and so try to say information technology. The picture is meant to be a visual representation of the discussion or phrase, only keep in listen that it's just 1 possible representation. You lot are encouraged to find or describe your ain picture to assistance you understand the meaning of each foreign give-and-take or phrase that you run into in this lesson.
quid pro quo - noun
Language: Latin ("what for what")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /,kwid-,prō-'kwō/
How it's used: Something given or received for something else; trading goods and services. This phrase is a legal term, often used to depict something traded for something else.
Case: We agreed to a quid pro quo: I have care of their dog next weekend if they mow my lawn before they leave.
caveat emptor - substantive
Language: Latin ("let the buyer beware")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /'kavē,ät,/'emp,tôr/
How it'south used: In one case something has been purchased, the seller is no longer responsible for the item. It makes good business sense to do enquiry, read the fine print, and brand an informed conclusion. This phrase is often used in real estate and real estate law.
Instance: When I tried to return an MP3 player that didn't piece of work, the salesperson cited caveat emptor every bit a reason to examine products before purchasing them.
carpe diem - substantive
Language: Latin ("seize the solar day")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /,kärp 'dē,em/
How it's used: This phrase is ofttimes used to hateful "live in the moment" or "seize the twenty-four hour period."
Instance: After years of being afraid to bungee jump, Susan yelled "carpe diem!" and leapt toward the gorge.
alma mater - noun
Linguistic communication: Latin ("nourishing female parent," originally referred to i of several mother goddesses)
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /'älmə 'mätər/
How it'south used: Alma mater is used to refer any school, college, or university that someone has graduated from. Sometimes information technology refers to a school song.
Example: Laura Bush, Roger Clemens, and Matthew McConaughey all call The University of Texas at Austin their alma mater.
condition quo - substantive
Language: Latin ("the state in which," originally from a longer diplomatic phrase, "the state in which things were before the war")
Merriam-Webster Lexicon pronunciation: /'stātəs 'kwō, 'statəs 'kwō/
How information technology's used: It ways "the mode things have always been." To maintain the status quo is to go on things as they are, to avoid change.
Example: It's easier to maintain the status quo than to piece of work to brand a difference.
modify ego - noun
Language: Latin ("the other cocky")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /,ôl-tər- 'ē-(,)gō/
How it's used: Alter ego suggests a second cocky, an alternating identity, or the opposite side of someone's personality.
Example: Bruce Imprint becomes the Incredible Blob when he loses his atmosphere, much in the aforementioned way that Dr. Jekyll assumes the alter ego of Mr. Hyde.
bona fide - substantive
Language: Latin (from "bona fides" or "skillful faith")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /'bō-nə-, fīd/
How it's used: It indicates sincerity, honest intention, or something that really is true to its representation.
Case: A jeweler certified that the pearl necklace was bona fide before Jill sold information technology to Kenny.
per capita - noun
Language: Latin ("by head")
Merriam-Webster Lexicon pronunciation: /pər- 'ka-pə-tə/
How it'south used: This term is generally found in statistics in lieu of "per person." Per capita suggests that something is equally applied to each private.
Example: Each person in Switzerland consumes 22.7 lbs. of chocolate per year, giving Switzerland the highest per capita rate of chocolate consumption worldwide.
For the activeness that follows, encounter if you can cull the right Latin give-and-take or phrase for each blank. Accept your fourth dimension and refer back to the charts as many times equally necessary.
How did you do? Did you give yourself "carte du jour blanche" to have fun? You'll larn nearly "carte blanche" in the side by side section, but remember that when y'all come up across a word you don't know, look information technology up in a dictionary. The more you read, the greater your fluency will be.
Images used in this section
Source: Girls swapping lunch, iStockPhoto Source: "OK Used Cars," original image past rjs 1322, Flickr Source: "Carpe Diem," Arnaldo Gutiérrez, Flickr Source: "Alma Mater" from images past Char Newcomb and OZinOH, Flickr Source: "Don't pull the plug on the Status Quo!" Steve Rhondes, Flickr Source: Superhero, Mark H. Anbinder, Flickr Source: Cartoon Mona Lisa past Mike R. Bakery, Graffiti Mona Lisa by nozoomii, emoticon Mona Lisa past Byron Manley, Flickr.
French for You
Read the information that follows to learn more nigh the French influence on the English linguistic communication:
- Today's vocabulary is near 45% French origin.
- More than 10,000 French words were borrowed during the Middle English period.
- French was the principal language of culture and civilisation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe.
- French words and phrases are often perceived as elegant and educated.
Now that you know how French has influenced English, written report each word that follows and effort to pronounce it. It may take yous a couple of tries to sound out the words or phrases, but the links to the pronunciations volition help you lot.
bill of fare blanche - noun
Linguistic communication: French ("white, or bare, paper," the French sign for military surrender)
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /'kärt- 'blänsh,- 'blänch/
How it'southward used: Giving someone menu blanche suggests that they have full potency to make decisions. Giving someone a signed blank check with the amount left bare implies the aforementioned thing; yous completely trust that person to make decisions.
Case: Jackie's parents gave her carte blanche to purchase anything she wanted.
tête–à–tête - noun
Language: French ("caput to head")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /'teitə 'teit/ /tĕtatĕt/
How information technology's used: Broadly, a tête–à–tête describes a private conversation between two people. The give-and-take suggests that the chat might exist secret, intimate, or fifty-fifty romantic.
Example: The quiet café's private little room was a perfect place for a tête–à–tête.
pas de deux - noun
Linguistic communication: French ("step for ii")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /-'də(r),- 'dü/
How information technology's used: The term describes a moment in a ballet, film, or show when a couple performs an intricate dance. In the same way that a guitar solo shows off the guitarist's skill, a pas de deux tin can literally put two dancers in the spotlight. Every bit a metaphor, pas de deux might describe any complicated interactions betwixt two people or groups, like the give-and-take between Democrats and Republicans in Congress.
Instance: In the ballet'south ballroom scene of Romeo and Juliet, the 2 primary characters performed a pas de deux in which fourth dimension ceased..
bon appetit - noun
Language: French ("good appetite")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /bó-nä-pā-tē/
How it'south used: A cheerful phrase that's said to someone who is well-nigh to enjoy a good meal or—if you desire to be ironic—about to swallow a very bad repast!
Example: Subsequently grilling a thick and hearty burger, Joe served it to Henry and said "bon appétit!".
déjà vu - noun
Linguistic communication: French ("already seen")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /,dā- zhä- 'vü, -'vue/
How it's used: A strange, eerie feeling of having already seen, heard, or done something, fifty-fifty when you know yous haven't.
Example: Although I'd never been to Balmorhea, Texas, I couldn't shake the feeling of déjà vu.
For the action that follows, see if yous can choose the correct French word or phrase for each blank. Have your time and refer dorsum to the definitions to a higher place every bit many times as necessary.
Images used in this section
Source: Behemothic cheque, iStockPhoto Source: World War I Postcard from France, abac077, Flickr Source: Ballet Nacional de Cuba pas de deux, Chrys Omori, Wikipedia Source: "Bon Appetit Magazine, Knapp Communications" Source: "Rainbow Ts," Cayusa, Flickr
The Wide Globe of Words
Later Latin and French, the English language was enriched by German, Greek, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Sanskrit, and Yiddish among many others. The following words represent a small sampling of the words that take been embraced past English. Once more, try to sound out each word and utilize the accompanying audio link to help you.
gesundheit - interjection
Language: High german ("adept health")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /gə- 'zúnt- ,hīt/
How information technology's used: This term is like saying "bless you lot." Gesundheit is a wish of proficient wellness for someone who has just sneezed.
Example: Everett says gesundheit later on anyone sneezes–even in a picture palace.
hubris - noun
Language: Greek
Merriam-Webster Lexicon pronunciation: /'hyü-brəs/
How it's used: In aboriginal Greece, hubris was considered a crime. Anyone who outrageously abused wealth or power might exist accused of hubris. Now information technology'southward used to describe airs, exaggerated pride, and too much self-conviction, especially when prideful beliefs leads to a downfall.
Instance: The man of affairs's failure was brought on by his hubris. He considered himself far too of import to be arrested.
mano a mano - adjective
Language: Spanish ("hand to hand")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /,mä-nō-ä-mä-nō/
How it's used: This term describes straight, face-to-face contest or conflict. It acts like the phrases "ane-on-ane" and "homo-to-man."
Case: A boxing match is the ultimate mano a mano competition with nothing between the ii fighters but their boxing gloves.
alfresco - adjective
Language: Italian (outside, "in a fresh temperature")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /al- 'fres-(,)kō/
How it's used: This term describes something that takes place outside in the open air, most often eating exterior, as in a picnic or on a eating house'due south patio.
Example: Dining alfresco in the Texas summer tin can be a bad idea because sometimes the heat melts the dishes.
karate - adjective
Language: Japanese ("empty manus")
Merriam-Webster Dictionary pronunciation: /kə- 'rä-tē/
How information technology'southward used: A Japanese art of self-defense employing hand strikes and kicks to disable or subdue an opponent.
Example: Dean wanted to learn karate non only for cocky-defense force, merely also to get in shape.
karma - describing word
Language: Sanskrit ("actions" or "deeds")
Merriam-Webster Lexicon pronunciation: /'kär-mə likewise 'kər-/
How information technology's used: A hard-to-translate word borrowed from Buddhism, karma implies "what goes around comes around," or "practice unto others equally you would accept them do unto you." It assumes that good and bad actions accept consequences, but we may not always experience them immediately, or even in this lifetime. You might have heard of "expert karma" and "bad karma"—good deeds or bad deeds that pile upwards a kind of free energy that can come back to a person subsequently.
Example: Angel believes that helping other people in demand will produce good karma.
Your Turn
For the culminating activeness, choose two words from this section and explore them more deeply. You will utilize a graphic organizer to record your answers, but first expect at the following example and the word memoir.
Memoir, a French word, is defined every bit "a author'due south account or memories of truthful events in his or her life." Remember that a memoir
- does not always convey a person'south entire life. It might focus on a few pregnant years;
- volition always exist true or nonfiction. You can't make up things that didn't happen in guild to brand the story more interesting; and
- is a form of autobiography because it's an account of an of import fourth dimension in your life.
Examples of memoirs include the post-obit:
- A short story well-nigh the day I broke my arm
- A diary kept by a child living in a war zone
If a memoir includes true accounts from someone's life and those accounts include a life-changing event, non-examples would exist stories that aren't truthful or aren't types of autobiographies. For case, science fiction, historical novels, essays, and dramas are not memoirs. The non-examples are close to the definition and characteristics, but they won't exactly match. Some non-examples of a memoir might include the following:
- A short story about turning into a superhero
- A fictional diary of a teenager who is having trouble at schoolhouse
At present click the link to download and open up the graphic organizer. Type your answers on-screen or print this file and write them. When you are finished, return to this lesson. If you get stuck, get to the Merriam-Webster website below and find synonyms and antonyms to assist y'all. Graphic organizer instructions
Merriam-Webster Online
You have at present completed the lesson on origins and meanings of foreign words and phrases. Recall that when y'all come across a foreign word or phrase—which is likely since a majority of the words in the English language come from Latin or French—accept fourth dimension to look upwardly the origin and meaning. It may take yous a while to get used to looking up words and may seem distracting to your reading, only with practise and feel, your knowledge and fluency will amend.
Are you interested in learning nigh the Spanish influence on the English language? Check out this link to several alphabetized word lists.
Images used in this section
Source: "Squirrel Sneeze," Glen Axelon, Flickr Source: Source: "Game night!" John Carleton, Flickr Source: "McDonalds Breakfast Alfresco," Todd Sanders, Flickr Source: Hanashiro Chomo, Nakasone Genwa, Wikimedia Commons Source: "Karma" graphic, Eponabri, Flickr
Test Your Understanding
Resources
Source: https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/origins-and-meanings-foreign-words-english-i-reading
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